基于GF-1卫星数据与面向对象分类的达里诺尔湿地自然保护区土地覆盖信息提取

以达里诺尔湿地自然保护区为研究区，基于国产GF-1遥感影像，采用面向对象和传统目视解译的分类方法对研究区土地覆盖遥感信息进行提取，并对其结果进行对比分析，采取混淆矩阵对面向对象分类结果进行精度验证。结果表明：（1）充分利用了GF-1遥感影像的光谱信息，面向对象分类采取试错法确定最优分割尺度为550，形状和紧致度因子分别为0.6和0.5，各波段权重均为1。（2）面向对象分类总体分类精度达98.22％，KAPPA系数为0.96；（3）面向对象分类方法可快速准确提取类型较为复杂的土地覆盖信息，为内陆湿地精准快速提取研究区土地覆盖分类信息提供参考，以期为湿地遥感业务化监测提供技术规范。     

Cutting the lawn − Natural burial and its contribution to the delivery of ecosystem services in urban cemeteries

This article investigates the impact of natural burial on the delivery of ecosystem services (ESs) in urban cemeteries in England that are owned and managed by local authorities. Local authority natural burial sites have received far less attention from researchers than independent sites developed by farmers, charitable trusts, funeral directors and land owners. Here we argue that the local authority hybrid cemeteries that combine natural burial with traditional graves may have a far greater impact in delivering regulatory and cultural ecosystem services than the much larger and frequently more environmentally ambitious natural burial grounds developed by the independent sector. The article presents three case studies of cemeteries, each of which represents a different interpretation of natural burial. Two have retrofitted natural burial into an existing cemetery landscape. The third is a new cemetery where natural burial was included with traditional burial in the original design brief and planning application. The research reveals how natural burial is transforming the traditional cemetery, with its focus on an intensively managed lawn aesthetic, towards a more habitat rich and spatially complex landscape with its own distinctive identity. The research also reveals how natural burial (within the unique constraints of UK burial culture that does not permit the recycling of burial space) is increasing the burial capacity of urban cemeteries by accessing land and grave space that might not be suitable or appropriate for more traditional forms of burial.     

Phytophthora oleae,a new root pathogen of wild olives

Wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) is an important component of Mediterranean forests and a key genetic source for olive improvement programmes. Since 2009, a severe decline caused by Phytophthora cryptogea and P. megasperma has been detected in a protected wild olive forest of high ecological value (Dehesa de Abajo, Seville, Spain). In this natural forest, sampling of roots and soil was carried out on 25 wild olives with symptoms in 2014 and 2015. Apart from the already known P. cryptogea A1 and P. megasperma, a third Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from wild olive rootlets with symptoms. These isolates conformed morphologically with the newly described species P. oleae and were confirmed by analysis of their ITS regions and cox1 sequences. Temperature–growth relationships showed a maximum growth at 19.9 °C on carrot agar medium, making it the lowest temperature Phytophthora species infecting wild olive roots. Pathogenicity was confirmed on 1-year-old healthy wild olive seedlings and was similar to the previously known pathogenic phytophthoras. As temperature requirements are quite different, the three Phytophthora species may be active against wild olive roots in different seasons. However, the prevalence of P. oleae infecting wild olives in recent years could be due to its introduction as a new invasive pathogen. The probable invasive nature of P. oleae, together with increasing rain episodes concentrated in short periods frequent in southern Spain, would allow the outbreak of infections in wild olive forests, and also put cultivated olive orchards at risk.     

小兴安岭天然林不同树种的树高曲线模型

选用10种树高曲线模型作为候选模型,以决定系数(R~2)、残差平方和(S_(se))和均方差(M_(se))作为模型优劣的评价指标,对小兴安岭天然林中的云杉(Picea asperata)、红松(Pinus koraiensis)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandschurica)、椴树(Tilia tuan)4种树种的树高曲线模型进行优选。结果表明:云杉、红松和椴树的最优模型均为Logistic模型,水曲柳的最优模型为抛物线模型;云杉和红松两种针叶树种,最优模型的优势不明显,水曲柳和椴树两种阔叶树种最优模型的优势较明显;比较R~2的大小,得出较适合小兴安岭云杉和红松两种针叶树种的树高曲线模型(R~20.8),对小兴安岭阔叶树种的适用程度不具有普遍性,对椴树的适用性好(R~2最大达0.94),对水曲柳的适用性较差(R~20.8)。对水曲柳的树高进行分段研究得出:水曲柳在树高低于9 m时,树高曲线模型较适宜(R~20.8),其中抛物线模型为最优模型;树高较高时,没有适用的树高曲线模型。     

云南瑞丽市滑坡影响因素的统计与分析

云南瑞丽市地质灾害类型有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和不稳定斜坡等,其中以滑坡为主、共109个.影响滑坡的因素分为自然因素、诱发因素.自然因素指滑坡的坡度、滑体岩性、滑床岩性等在自然地质条件下形成的属性.诱发因素是指引发滑坡发生的因素,主要是降雨、地震、坡脚侵蚀、坡脚开挖等影响因素.自然因素统计表明,4～14°发育的滑坡较少,15 ～40°发育的滑坡较多;滑体岩性为含砾粉土和粉质粘土;滑床岩性以片麻岩、含砾粉土、泥岩为主,砂砾粉土次之,碎石土、粉质粘土、砂岩较少.诱发因素以降雨为主,坡脚侵蚀、地震、坡脚开挖次之.最后结合影响因素给出相关的分析.     

基于滤食鱼类天然产力的安康库区生态负荷量测定

为厘清汉江水体鱼类集约养殖与生态负荷量的关系，测定安康库区滤食性鱼类天然鱼产力，测算Ⅱ类水质限定条件下的安康库区生态负荷量，并与以水体磷含量为标准的计算结果比较。结果表明，设定网箱深度3 m，单位水体生态负荷量为193.44 g/m³，总产量控制为10.47×10⁴ t。库区网养单产为100 kg/m³时，网箱养殖面积控制为1.93‰，网箱生态养殖面积与单位面积产量呈反比。     

基于网络教学平台的中药资源化学教学改革

在南京中医药大学网络教学平台的基础上,对中药资源化学教育教学活动及教学改革实践进行了研究,旨在进一步提高该课程的教学水平和教学质量。结果表明:在有63名学生的班级中,积极参与阅读文献、学习化学画图软件、自主学习统计分析方法及参加野外标本采集的学生在学习中具有较大优势。网络教学平台有利于开展网上互动式教学活动,既能使学生在完成学习任务的过程中提高学习能力,也有助于教师及时了解学生的学习状态,促进教学水平的提高。     

Tree vibrations: Determining oscillatory properties by using infra-red marker-tracking system

A state-of-the-art infrared marker-tracking system that consists of eight cameras outfitted with infra-red optical filters and an array of infra-red light-emitting diodes as well as a set of reflective markers, is used to record the motion of a set of markers arranged along a trunk-dominated potted tree, which was pulled and released to perform free vibrations. The time-history diagrams of these markers are numerically fitted to the corresponding analytical mathematical model for each marker, in which the markers are treated as particles performing in-plane oscillations. This combination of experimental, analytical and numerical results yields the main vibration properties of the markers, i.e. the points on the tree: natural frequencies, damping ratios and the position of principal axes in two cases: for the in-leaf and out-of-leaf tree under consideration. The shape of the time history diagrams for the motion along one direction indicates the initial increase of the amplitude, and this property is found to be associated with two closed-valued natural frequencies. These two natural frequencies decreased after the removal of leaves, but stayed closed-valued. Two natural frequencies correspond to two principal axes, whose change along the height of the tree is also determined in both cases. The change of the damping ratios associated with two principal axes is also obtained: only one of them changed after the removal of leaves. Besides providing a proof of concept for the use of the high-tech marker-tracking system for obtaining certain oscillatory characteristics, this study also points out the possibilities for future work in which this system can be beneficial for investigating tree vibrations and deflections under different loads.     

焉耆县地貌特征及其地貌灾害和气象灾害的关系研究

区域地貌形态对自然地理环境各组成要素都有控制和制约影响，地貌形态和自然灾害包括地质灾害、气象灾害、洪水灾害、泥石流等都有密切关系和相互作用。在我国大尺度的地貌形态及其与其它自然地理环境组成要素之间的关系研究达到一定深度和宽度，但是以县域为单位对地貌特征及其整体环境要素之间关系和相互影响的细化研究并不多见。该文以新疆焉耆回族自治县为研究区域，以实地考察搜集资料和前人相关研究为基础，采用统计分析和数据处理方法，对该区域的地貌特征进行描述，同时，对地貌形态和该区域多发自然灾害之间的相互作用进行了探讨。